Learn Romanian - Course for English Speakers (Limba romana pentru strainii care stiu limba engleza)

Descriere

Descriere Cartea contine capitole precum: main issue of Romanian grammar; romanian writing and pronunciation; names of professions and nationalities; history and geography; etnography and folklore; culture and arts; Romanian scientific and technological works; essential Romanian literary texts.
Cuprins
I. INTRODUCTION: THE FORMATION OF THE ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND THE GENERAL TRAITS OF ITS SPECIAL "PROFILE" --- 15 A. The Romanizing of Dacia --- 15 B. Elements of Latin phonetics, morpho-syntax and vocabulary preserved in Romanian --- 16 C. Allogenous elements of the Romanian vocabulary --- 18 D. The re-Romanizing of the Romanian vocabulary --- 20 E. The four stages in the evolution of Romanian to the present day --- 21
II. ROMANIAN WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION --- 22 A. The one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters --- 22 B. Special letters in the Romanian alphabet --- 22 C. Sounds represented by groups of letters --- 25 D. The Romanian vocalic and consonantal systems --- 27 E. Diphtongs and triphtongs --- 29 F. Avoiding hiatus --- 31 G. The short final -i --- 31 H. Phonetic values of initial e- --- 33 I. The stress --- 33 J. Intonation: the three types of interrogative sentences --- 35
III. A FI "TO BE" AND THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS: eu I, tu YOU etc. --- 37
IV. NAMES OF PROFESSIONS AND NATIONALITIES --- 39 A. Names of professions and occupations --- 39 B. Derivational suffixes for the names of nationalities --- 40 C. Derivational suffixes for the names of places of origin --- 42 D. Derivatives of Romanian toponyms --- 43
V. AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION --- 45 A. Affirmative versus negative answers --- 45 B. Verbal negation --- 45
VI. THE IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS AND OBJECTS A. The identification of persons: cine "who", and objects ce "what" --- 47 B. Other meanings of: ce "what" --- 47
VII. THE PRONOUN OF POLITENESS --- 48 A. Deference of the highest degree: tu - dumneavoastra --- 48 B. The intermediate level of deference: tu - dumneata - dumneavoastra --- 48 C. Deference towards a third person: dumnealui, dumneaei, dumnealor --- 50 D. The pronoun of politeness: a general view --- 51
VIII. DELETION OF THE SUBJECT PRONOUNS --- 52 A. Distinct verbal endings render subject pronouns superfluous --- 52 B. The use of the subject pronoun as the expression of emphasis --- 53
IX. THE NUMERAL (1 to 10) --- 54 X. THE PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS --- 55 A. Specific means of forming the plural: inflections and alternations --- 55 B. The interplay of the inflections and of the alternations --- 62 XI. A AVEA "TO HAVE" --- 63 A. The conjugation of the present indicative --- 63 B. The negative form --- 64 C. Verbal expressions with a avea --- 65 XII. THE GENDER OF NOUNS --- 67 A. The three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter --- 67 B. Nouns grouped in the three genders according to their meaning --- 68 C. Nouns grouped in the three genders according to their singular and plural endings --- 70 D. Nouns grouped in the three genders according to the form of their determiners --- 74 XIII. THE NUMERAL --- 77 A. Basic elements --- 77 B. The specificity of combinations --- 77 C. Numerals followed by nouns: with or without de --- 79 D. 1 has several forms! --- 81 E. The two forms of 2 --- 82 F. Questions referring to number --- 82 G. Numeral forms in spoken Romanian --- 85 H. Telling the hour and the date --- 86 XIV. THE DEFINITE AND THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES --- 88 A. Degrees of noun individualization --- 88 B. The indefinite article --- 89 C. The definite article --- 90 D. Grammatical and semantic criteria in the use of the article --- 98 E. Typical situations in which nouns occur: a. without an article; b. with an indefinite article; c. with a definite article --- 102 XV. THE CONJUGATION OF VERBS IN THE PRESENT INDICATIVE --- 104 A. Romanian versus English verbal paradigms --- 104 B. Classes of Romanian verbs according to their infinitive endings --- 104 C. Deriving present indicative verb forms starting from the infinitive --- 105 D. The endings of the standard paradigm and vocalic and consonantal alternations in the present indicative --- 110 E. Phonetically conditioned exceptions in the standard paradigm --- 116 F. Verbs with an additional suffix: -ez, -esc, -asc --- 119 G. Irregular verbs --- 121 XVI. THE ADJECTIVE --- 125 A. The Romanian versus English adjectives: several forms and variable placement as to the determined noun --- 125 B. Adjective classes according to the number of forms --- 126 C. Vocalic and consonantal alternations --- 132 D. Rules for the articulation of the noun-adjective group --- 133 E. Adjective comparison --- 134 XVII. CASE FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NOUN --- 136 A. Case functions --- 136 B. Noun form to express the subject (author) (Nom.) of the verb action --- 136 C. Noun form to express the object (Acc.) --- 136 D. Noun form to express the addressee (beneficiary) (Dat.) of the verb action ... 138 E. Noun form to express the possessor (Gen.) --- 142 F. The three constant forms in expressing the addressee (beneficiary) and the possessor function: -ui, -ei (-ii), -or --- 145 G. Expressing case functions for proper nouns --- 146 H. Expressing case functions for nouns with adjectives --- 152 I. Prepositions (prepositional phrases) and the cases --- 154 XVIII. THE DEMONSTRATIVE --- 160 A. Romanian versus English demonstrative: several forms and variable placement as to the determined noun --- 160 B. The adjectival and the pronominal functions of the demonstrative --- 163 C. Colloquial demonstratives --- 163 D. The demonstrative of identity --- 165 E. The demonstrative of selection --- 166 F. Expressing the case functions of the demonstratives --- 168 XIX. THE POSSESSIVE --- 174 A. Romanian versus English possessive: several forms and variable placement as to the determined noun --- 174 B. Expressing case functions of nouns with possessives --- 180 C. Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns --- 182 D. Use of possessives in expressing space relations --- 186 XX. THE COMPOUND PERFECT TENSE --- 188 A. The structure of the compound perfect tense: auxiliary + past participle --- 188 B. Nu negation in the structure of the compound perfect --- 191 C. The adjectival function of the past participle --- 194 XXI. THE CASE FORMS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUN AND OF THE PRONOUN OF POLITENESS --- 196 A. Expressing the case functions of personal and politeness pronouns --- 196 B. Accented and unaccented forms of the personal pronouns in the Acc. and Dat.: usage rules --- 200 C. Accented and unaccented forms in expressing the case functions of politeness pronouns --- 205 D. Combinations with the unaccented forms of the personal pronoun: --- 206 a. with verbs beginning with a vowel --- 207 b. with the nu negation; --- 211 c. with the si, ca, daca conjunctions; --- 213 d. with interrogative or relative pronouns and adverbs (cine, ce, unde,pentru ce etc.); --- 215 e. with the compound perfect auxiliary; --- 217 f. unaccented Dat. forms with unaccented Acc. forms --- 219 XXII. THE CONJUNCTIVE (SUBJUNCTIVE) MOOD --- 227 A. The sa + verb constructions: a specific Romanian modality of expressing the virtual versus real action --- 227 B. The present conjunctive: similarities and differences as to present indicative 227 C. Combinations of the present conjunctive: --- 233 a. with the nu negation and with mai, si, cam manner adverbials; b. with the unaccented forms of personal pronouns in the Acc. or Dat. D. Variants of the V1 (verb in the indicative) + V2 (verb in the conjunctive) combination --- 236 E. Independent occurence of the conjunctive --- 240 F. Past conjunctive --- 243 XXIII. PRONOMINAL VERBS: a. WITH REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS IN THE ACC. b. WITH REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS IN THE DAT --- 244 A. Active voice/reflexive voice --- 244 B. Verbs with or without a reflexive pronoun in Romanian and English --- 246 C. Combinations of the reflexive pronouns: a) with verbs beginning with the vowel a- or i; b) with the nu negation; c) with interrogative elements ending in -e (cine, ce, unde etc.); d) with the sa, ca, daca, si conjunctions; e) with the compound perfect auxiliary;